Este artigo discute a presença neoplatônica e aristotélica na metafísica de Ibn Gabirol. Para tanto, são confrontadas as teorias de Plotino e Gabirol, em alguns dos pontos principais, nos quais a semelhança já foi apontada: o Primeiro Princípio, o intermediário entre Deus e o mundo e a questão da matéria universal. Identificadas as diferenças entre as propostas daqueles autores quanto ao tratamento destas questões, serão apresentadas brevemente algumas contribuições que podem ter sido provenientes das obras de Aristóteles, visando (...) esclarecer a origem do tratamento conferido a estes temas por Ibn Gabirol. Acreditamos que a obra de Ibn Gabirol deva ser entendida inserida em seu contexto histórico-filosófico, que primava por ver as doutrinas de Platão e Aristóteles, não como conflitantes, mas como complementares, bem como no sentido de sua compatibilização com o criacionismo abrahâmico que, no caso, obedece ao primado judaico da dessemelhança radical entre Deus e a criação. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Ibn Gabirol. Hilemorfismo Universal. Aristóteles. Substância. Matéria Inteligível. (shrink)

This article discusses neoplatonic and aristotelian presence in Ibn Gabirol metaphysics. With this aim, Plotinus and Gabirol’s are confronted in some of the main points, where the resemblance had already been pointed: the First Principle, the intermediary between God and the world and the universal matter. Once the differences between the approaches of these authors regarding such questions have been identified, some contributions which may come from the works of Aristotle will be briefly presented, in order to clarify (...) the origin of Gabirol’s ideas. We believe that Gabirol´s metaphysics must be understood in its historical-philosophical context, characterized by a view of Plato and Aristotle´s doctrines not as conflicting but complementary, as well as in its effort of harmonize them with the abrahamic creationism which, in this case, obeys the Judaic primacy of radical separation between God and the creation. KEY WORDS – Ibn Gabirol. Universal Hylemorfism. Aristotle. Substance. Intelligible Matter. (shrink)

Ibn Gabirol foi um poeta e filósofo judeu espanhol que viveu no século XI. Sua filosofia racional, redigida em árabe, parece ser completamente desvinculada de sua poesia religiosa hebraica, considerada mística. Alguns estudiosos entendem que entre mística e filosofia existe um antagonismo insuperável. Redigido no período de formulação da Kabbalah , o poema Keter Malkhut , pela estreita relação que seu conteúdo mantém com alguns elementos filosóficos usados pelo autor, foi freqüentemente interpretado como mera alegoria estética para o sistema (...) metafísico desenvolvido em sua obra filosófica Fons Vitae . Este artigo visa oferecer uma reflexão introdutória sobre a mística judaica e, à luz desta, analisar a primeira parte do poema frente ao modelo metafísico apresentado no Fons Vitae . A partir de uma discussão sobre linguagem e simbolismo, surge a idéia de que tanto a poesia religiosa quanto a filosofia racional de Ibn Gabirol sejam frutos de uma única intuição inicial, inspirada na especulação mística milenar sobre o Trono da Glória ( Merkabah ), mas nos quais já podemos entrever certos elementos neoplatônicos que caracterizarão o novo modelo da Kabbalah . Palavras-chave : Kabbalah.Trono da Glória. Ibn Gabirol. Neoplatonismo. Mística Judaica.Ibn Gabirol was a Jewish Spanish poet and philosopher that lived in the 11th century. His rational philosophy written in Arabic seems to be completely disconnected with his Hebrew religious poetry, considered as mystical. Some scholars believe that there is an insuperable antagonism between mysticism and philosophy. Composed during the formative period of the Kabbalah , the poem Keter Malkhut was repeatedly seen as a mere aesthetic allegory of the metaphysical system developed in his philosophical work Fons Vitae , due to the close relation that its contents hold with some philosophical elements. This paper aims to offer an introductory reflection about Jewish mysticism and, in the light of this, to analyze the first part of the Keter Malkhut in face of the metaphysical structure presented in Fons Vitae . From a discussion about language and symbolism, emerges the idea that both Ibn Gabirol’s religious poetry and his rational philosophy are different products of a single initial intuition, inspired by the millenary Jewish mystical speculation concerning the Throne of Glory ( Merkabah ), but in which we could see certain Neo-platonic elements that will distinguish the new movement of Kabbalah . Keywords : Kabbalah. Throne of Glory. Ibn Gabirol. Neo-Platonism. Jewish Mysticism. (shrink)

Ibn Gabirol apresenta, em sua obra Fons Vitae, um modelo metafísico baseado no hilemorfismo universal, ou seja, na presença de matéria e de forma em todos os seres, tanto corpóreos quanto espirituais. Embora considerado um autor neoplatônico, Ibn Gabirol não explicita propriamente uma henologia, mas parte das realidades sensíveis e corpóreas em direção às mais sutis. Este artigo pretende inverter essa apresentação do autor, buscando redesenhar sua metafísica a partir da Essência Primeira até o fim da criação. Para (...) tanto, o ponto específico analisado, ainda que de modo incipiente, é a questão da unidade e seu qualificativo uno/una, tanto na atribuição que ele faz em seu modelo ontológico, quanto nos seus aspectos lógicos. (shrink)

Abraham Ibn Daud critica duramente a Ibn Gabirol en su Fe Exaltada. En este artículo, tengo la intención de demostrar que el objeto genuino de esta crítica es Dominicus Gundissalinus, coautor, junto a Ibn Daud de la traducción de la Shifa’ de Avicena del árabe al latín. Además de su trabajo como traductores, Gundissalinus e Ibn Daud también escribieron obras propias. En este artículo, discuto la definición de materia prima utilizada por Avicena e Ibn Gabirol, adoptada por Ibn (...) Daud y Gundissalinus. Aporto pruebas textuales para demostrar que en la mayoría de los casos en que Ibn Daud critica a Ibn Gabirol, en realidad se está refiriendo a los casos en que Gundissalinus abandona los puntos de vista de Avicena y en su lugar adopta los puntos de vista de Ibn Gabirol. (shrink)

Ibn Gabirol apresenta, em sua obra Fons Vitae, um modelo metafísico baseado no hilemorfismo universal, ou seja, na presença de matéria e de forma em todos os seres, tanto corpóreos quanto espirituais. Embora considerado um autor neoplatônico, Ibn Gabirol não explicita propriamente uma henologia, mas parte das realidades sensíveis e corpóreas em direção às mais sutis. Este artigo pretende inverter essa apresentação do autor, buscando redesenhar sua metafísica a partir da Essência Primeira até o fim da criação. Para (...) tanto, o ponto específico analisado, ainda que de modo incipiente, é a questão da unidade e seu qualificativo uno/una, tanto na atribuição que ele faz em seu modelo ontológico, quanto nos seus aspectos lógicos. In his work Fons Vitae, Ibn Gabirol presents a metaphysical model based on universal hylomorphism, i.e., on the presence of matter and form in all beings both corporeal and spiritual. Although considered a neoplatonic author, Ibn Gabirol does not properly present a henology, but starts from sensible and corporeal realities and then treats the more subtle ones. This article intends to invert the author's presentation, seeking to redesign his metaphysics from the first essence to the end of creation. To this end, the specific point that is analyzed (although in an incipient way) is the question of unity and its qualifier 'one', both in the attribution Ibn Gabirol makes in his ontological model and in the model's logical aspects. (shrink)

Podemos dizer que a predominância da forma sobre a matéria - ontologicamente, em hierarquia e em dignidade - no pensamento medieval é quase unânime. Na maior parte das propostas medievais de compatibilização entre filosofia e religião, a matéria sensível foi vista como bastarda, como fonte da imperfeição, da carência e da falha, e, por vezes, associada diretamente ao mal e ao pecado. A imagem da matéria como mulher pecadora de origem duvidosa está já presente em Ibn Sina e passa a (...) Maimônides que, comparando-a à adúltera, afirma que, apesar de manter um vínculo marital com uma forma, não cessa de mover-se, buscando constantemente outra forma para substituí-la. Pelas particularidades de sua doutrina, Ibn Gabirol não teve problemas ao abordar essa questão, inclusive quanto a indicar a origem da matéria – tema evitado pela maioria dos filósofos - mas não sem despertar fortes críticas de seus leitores contemporâneos e ao longo especificamente em relação à matéria, levantamos aqui as seguintes: 1) matéria não é corpo; 2) a matéria inteligível não é essencialmente distinta da matéria sensível; 3) a matéria não é a fonte da diversidade e da multiplicidade; 4) a matéria provém diretamente da Essência de Deus. Portanto, ainda que Ibn Gabirol mantenha as qualidades que, por outros filósofos, foram entendidas como sendo o caráter volúvel dessa mulher – ou seja, o fato de que ela está sempre apta a receber muitas formas – nada há que desabone sua conduta. (shrink)

Extraits de la Source de vie de Salomon ibn-Gebirol.--Ibn-Gebirol, ses écrits et sa philosophie.--Des principaux philosophes arabes et de leurs doctrines.--Esquisse historique de la philosophie chez les Juìfs.--Appendice.--Texte hébreu des extraits de la Source de vie (2 p.l., 36 numb. l. at end).

Poete pour les Juifs, qui ne se sont pas reconnus dans sa philosophie, Salomon Ibn Gabirol a ete pour les chretiens le philosophe Avencebrol ou Avicebron. Dans le Fons Vitae, Ibn Gabirol cherche a concilier deux evidences qui se contredisent et auxquelles il adhere neanmoins absolument: l'evidence monotheiste d'un Dieu createur ex nihilo, et l'evidence neoplatonicienne de l'emanation graduelle de l'etre. Le Fons Vitae a joue un role important pour la scolastique chretienne, surtout dans la problematique de l'origine (...) et de la composition des substances spirituelles, l'Un, l'intellect et l'ame. Cette reprise de La philosophie de Salomon Ibn Gabirol, revue et mise a jour, s'accompagne de la nouvelle parution de la traduction francaise du Fons Vitae, sous le titre Le Livre de la Source de Vie. (shrink)

Pretendemos comparar algunos de los temas más relevantes que ocuparon la dedicación filosófica de dos autores medievales y judíos como Ibn Gabirol y Maimónides, temas como los conceptos finito infinito; materia-forma; emanación, y otros tantos. La comparativa tiene como fin mostrar que, pese a la diferencia marcada por matices, ambas filosofías tienen un latir más común del que se ha venido defendiendo hasta ahora. Por otro lado se hace un intento de recuperar a Maimónides como verdadero filósofo, desde un (...) sentido no encasillado en la idea "filosofía-teología medieval", sino en un sentido que le lleva más allá en el pensamiento occidental. (shrink)

The guide for the Perplexed is one of the most interesting books of the Medieval Philosophie. It is saturated of Arabic culture and it takes root in the intelectual and religious tradition of the Judaism.

Las "Cuestiones Sicilianas" son el primer texto conservado del filósofo y sufí Ibn Sab'in de Murcia (c. 614/1217-668/1270). Aunque el prólogo del texto pretende que se trata de respuestas a preguntas mandadas por Federico II al mundo árabe, parece más probable que se trate de un manual introductorio para estudiantes árabes de filosofía, discutiendo cuatro problemas específicos y controvertidos como manera de presentar conceptos generales de la filosofía aristotélica. Este artículo analiza la estructura y la manera de argumentar en (...) las Cuestiones Sicilianas. Dedica su atención en particular a la relación entre el Sufismo y la filosofía y a las fuentes del texto, sobre todo los textos filosóficos de Ibn Rusd. Interpreta a Ibn Sab'in y sus Cuestiones Sicilianas como un reflejo del ambiente intelectual en el Oeste del Mediterráneo durante los últimos años de los Almohades. El texto fue posiblemente compuesto en un contexto que tenía que ver con los t.alaba, y refleja también unos aspectos claves de la ideología Almohade. (shrink)

As influências da filosofia judaica na obra de Spinoza têm sido recorrentemente pesquisadas, mas nenhum trabalho abordou especificamente o tema da morte. O objetivo deste artigo, portanto, é descrever as concepções de morte nos filósofos judeus lidos por Spinoza e compará-las com a noção de morte concebida por ele. O método utilizado foi a revisão bibliográfica das principais obras dos autores aqui considerados, como Maimônides, Gersonides, Hasdai Crescas, Ibn Ezra e Ibn Gabirol, seguida da comparação com Spinoza. Concluímos que (...) Spinoza realizou uma análise crítica das ideias desses autores fundamentada na lógica de suas proposições e apresentou a noção de morte depurada de referências aristotélicas que ainda estavam presentes na filosofia judaica. (shrink)

Excerpt from Zur Stellung Avencebrol's (Ibn Gebirol's) Im Entwicklungsgang der Arabischen Philosophie: Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung Seiner Quellen In meiner Schrift die Stellung des hl. Thomas von Aquin zu Avencebrol (beitrage III, 3) habe ich zur Charakteristik des judischen Philosophen in Kurze auch auf dessen Quellen ver wiesen. Sollten dort meine Ausfuhrungen nur die bereits fest gestellten Resultate zusammenfassen, so werden hier die Quellen Avencebrol's zum Gegenstand einer selbstandigen Untersuchung gemacht. Den ersten Anlata hiezu gab J. Guttmann durch eine Anzeige (...) obiger Arbeit in A. Harnack's theologischer Lite raturzeitung (1901, Nr. Da innerhalb der Abhandlung eine Berucksichtigung dieser Rezension nicht wohl angangig war, so seien hier einige Worte der Auseinandersetzung gestattet. Herr Dr. Guttmann beanstandet zunachst meine Angaben uber den Ursprung der Willenslehre Avencebrol's. Pseudoempe dokles und die sog. Theologie des Aristoteles konnen allerdings hinsichtlich jenes Lehrpunktes dem Fons vitae kaum als Vor bilder gedient haben; hier bedarf meine fruhere Darstellung der Berichtigung. Merklich anders verhalt es sich bereits mit den lauteren Brudern, wenn auch eine unmittelbare Abhangig keit nicht nachweisbar ist. Durchaus gesichert sodann durfte nunmehr die Thatsache sein, da13 die Lehre vom Willen in den Grundzugen nicht als originelle Leistung Avencebrol's betrachtet werden kann, sondern langst vorher ein Thema der arabischen Spekulation bildet. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

The aim of this study consists of postulating an ethical approach to Human Rights conceiving them as rights of the other, claiming that this approach represent a starting point for the development of a legal pluralism that contributes to the achievement of an effective and authentic peace. For this study is based on the premise that the law must be able to deal with the serious and still pending social and environmental problems that underlie the violations of human rights, especially (...) those of ecological nature. By way of conclusion, the need for a radical change of the paradigm is evidenced, for which a perspective of ethics as a linguistic praxis is proposed, since such praxis has the potential to inspire the reformulation of human rights, for the purpose of reversing the dynamics of violence imposed by the logic of identity underlying the current legal system. (shrink)

Abraham ibn Ezra, the subject of this Cologne doctoral dissertation, is a lesser-known figure in the history of Jewish philosophy in medieval Spain, his dates placing him roughly after Ibn Gabirol and before Moses Maimonides. The title given to this book calls first for some comment. By "Religionsphilosophie," a term he has seemingly inherited from his scholarly predecessors, Greive does not mean "philosophy of religion," but is referring to a system of reality and of knowledge concerned with a metaphysical (...) ultimate principle and our relation to that principle, and in which no divide is established between "religion" and "philosophy," between "mysticism" and "rational thought"., accommodating his faith to his philosophy.) This system, as it is found in Ibn Ezra, conforms in its general lines to the Neoplatonic-inspired philosophy common in medieval Islamic and Jewish thought. A second comment might be made concerning the scope of Greive’s work. It is not his intent to present a full and systematic account of Ibn Ezra’s philosophy. He wishes rather to provide a careful reconstruction of certain aspects of Ibn Ezra’s thought which will represent an improvement on earlier scholarly accounts and will serve to illuminate Ibn Ezra’s philosophy as a whole. Following a brief review of Ibn Ezra’s Jewish philosophical predecessors, Greive surveys previous scholarly work on Ibn Ezra, finding confusion and misinterpretation of particular theories and a tendency to relate Ibn Ezra to Ibn Gabirol while ignoring Islamic influences. Greive then proceeds to his corrective treatment of aspects of Ibn Ezra’s thought, but not before surveying Ibn Ezra’s life, works and posthumous influence, noting that an account of Ibn Ezra’s philosophical thought must draw from all his literary production, as he did not compose a strictly philosophical work. There is one possible exception, Ibn Ezra’s prose poem Haj ben Meqis, which Greive presents in the latter part of his book in German translation with introduction and notes, and which, for Greive, can serve to demonstrate Ibn Ezra’s dependence vis-à-vis Avicenna. The book ends with a translation of a short poem, the Arugat ha-hokmah, and a very useful bibliography and indices. (shrink)

IntroductionPreoperative neurocognitive disorder is a common condition affecting 14–51. 7% of the elderly population. General anesthesia has already been associated with the one-year post-operative neurocognitive disorder, specifically, a deficit in executive function, measured by the Trail Making Test B, but its long-term effects on cognitive function have not been investigated. We aimed to detect preO-NCD prevalence in patients scheduled for cardiac surgery and further investigate the possible role of previous general anesthesia in general preoperative cognitive status [measured via the Montreal (...) Cognitive Assessment ] and/or in executive functioning.MethodsIn this observational, prospective study, 151 adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery underwent MoCA and TMT-B. Data on age, education, pGA, comorbidities, and laboratory results were collected.ResultsWe discovered a general cognitive function impairment of 79.5% and an executive function impairment of 22%. Aging is associated with an increased likelihood and education with a decreased likelihood of general cognitive impairment, but only education was significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of executive function impairment. While pGA did not significantly affect preO-NCD, a noteworthy interaction between aging and pGA was found, resulting in a synergistic effect, increasing the likelihood of executive function impairment.ConclusionWe found a high prevalence of preO-NCD in patients scheduled for cardiac surgery. General cognitive function impairment is highly associated with advancing age. However, older patients with at least one pGA appeared to be at an increased risk of preO-NCD, especially executive function impairment, suggesting that TMT-B should be associated with MoCA in the preoperative cognitive evaluation in this population. (shrink)

De Maïmonide à Hannah Arendt en passant par Ibn Gabirol, Yehuda Halévi et Rosenzweig, ce recueil d'articles donne un panorama époustouflant de la philosophie juive à travers les âges. Esther Starobinski-Safran nous fait voyager à travers l'hébreu, l'allemand et le français pour nous révéler la richesse et la diversité de cette tradition.

This study investigates how e-business capabilities and digital marketing strategies jointly influence business performance in the e-commerce industry, which has experienced unprecedented growth driven by technological advancements and changing consumer behavior. E-business capabilities encompass the use of technology and digital infrastructure, while digital marketing strategies are employed to attract and retain online customers. The study examines the effect of e-business capabilities through digital marketing strategies on the customer satisfaction and loyalty of UAE e-commerce industry. The research is descriptive and explanatory, (...) and uses a structured 5-scale Likert questionnaire to collect data from the HR managers of 135 e-commerce companies based in UAE. The statistical analysis is performed using structural equation modeling. The findings highlight the significant relationship of the study variables. Consequently, the results of this study provide valuable insights for e-commerce businesses, elucidating the need to invest in robust e-business capabilities to support effective digital marketing efforts. Additionally, the research underscores the significance of tailoring digital marketing strategies to align with specific business objectives and customer segments. The study also contributes to the literature on digital transformation, by demonstrating how e-business capabilities and digital marketing strategies can enable e-commerce firms to adapt and thrive in the dynamic and competitive digital environment. (shrink)

En este complejo futuro que se nos predice, no solo se nos podrá superar en nuestras capacidades intelectuales o físicas, incorporando a nuestro entorno y a nuestro propio cuerpo un ingente aparataje tecnológico, sino que se nos podrá mejorar, y ello, incluso, antes de nacer, interviniendo directamente sobre el embrión. La naturaleza de lo humano se pone en cuestión, sobre todo, cuando la alteramos en su propia esencia, no solo en su entorno, y, además, desde su propio inicio. Se trata, (...) pues, de una disrupción y alteración sustancial ad intra del ser humano, no ad extra, como ocurre con la tecnología, aún cuando esta también tiene, obviamente, muchos efectos en el interior de aquél. Los cambios que se derivan de la Biotecnología y, concretamente, de la edición genómica, por un lado, ofrecen un enorme potencial para desarrollar nuevos conceptos, métodos y novedosas aplicaciones para los urgentes retos y necesidades de la sociedad. Por el otro lado, tales biotecnologías son percibidas como si tuvieran el potencial de desafiar y, a veces, desdibujar las actitudes, valores y modelos culturales de la propia sociedad. A tal reto no puede estar, obviamente, ajeno el Derecho en atención a los valores, intereses y derechos en conflicto. Si la pregunta que debemos nuevamente formularnos es qué es el hombre o qué es la naturaleza humana, el Derecho debe también ofrecer respuestas que permitan dar un sentido jurídico contemporáneo a tal esencia, preguntas que conectan directamente con el propio concepto jurídico de dignidad, no solo en cuanto valor ontológico del ser humano, sino también, recogiendo los términos explícitos del artículo 10.1 de nuestra Constitución, en cuanto fundamento del orden político y de la paz social. (shrink)

Le judaïsme se définit par une modalité particulière d’amour de Dieu : Israël, peuple élu, existe en vertu d’une alliance unique avec Dieu, formée sur la base d’un amour que l’on devrait dire mutuel plus que réciproque. Ce n’est pas, en effet, que l’amour d’Israël réponde à celui de Dieu, ou que Dieu récompense l’amour de ses fidèles d’une affection en retour : ces deux amours s’originent l’un en l’autre, ils ont chacun pour raison et pour fin l’existence de l’autre. (...) Ils coexistent et s’interpellent : telle est le propre de cette élection.Georges Vajda se propose ici d’explorer la construction de ce concept d’amour de Dieu dans les textes et la théologie juive : analysant la lettre de la Bible, du Midrash et du Talmud, il l’articule aux développements théoriques des grands penseurs du judaïsme que furent Ibn Gabirol, Ibn Tibbon, Bahya, Halévi, Ibn’Ezra et Moïse Maïmonide.On découvre ainsi un amour du fidèle pour Dieu nécessairement articulé à la crainte qu’il inspire, crainte révérentielle car liée à l’exigence d’une pleine et juste obéissance. Le phénomène religieux propre au judaïsme se définit dès lors comme « l’engagement total à l’égard du dieu créateur de l’univers, donateur de la Loi et rédempteur d’Israël » : l’histoire du peuple juif devient celle d’un amour tourmenté, singulier et unique.Par cette synthèse au style clair et accessible, George Vajda nous offre les clés d’une question située au coeur de la théologie juive : l’amour de Dieu est-il une dette ou une attente? (shrink)

Solomon Ibn Gabirol The Fountain of Life (Fons Vitae) TRANSLATED BY Harry E. Wedeck WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY Theodore ...

Solomon Ibn Gabirol The Fountain of Life (Fons Vitae) TRANSLATED BY Harry E. Wedeck WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY Theodore E. James L ...

Contents: Heft 1. Die Psychologie Saadias.--Heft 2. Die Psychologie der jüdischen Neuplatoniker. A. Die Psychologie Ibn Gabirols.--Heft 3. Die Psychologie der jüdischen Neuplatoniker. B. Josef Ibn Saddik.--Heft 4. Die Psychologie des Aristotelikes Abraham Ibn Daud.

A translation of the Fons vitae of Solomon ibn Gabirol (born 1021/1022), who was the first Jewish philosopher in Spain. In the Fons vitae, Gabirol argues that there is a sensible and an intelligible world. These doctrines profoundly influenced medieval Christian thinkers. Because of the Fons vitae, Gabirol is today widely recognized as one of the greatest Jewish Neoplatonists.

If it is true that Spinoza belongs to the history of Jewish Philosophy, his concept of God also cannot cease to being “Jewish”. Our aim here is to call into question if Spinoza’s concept of God, as exposed in Ethics’ definitions, has something of Jewish, particularly when faced with conceptions yielded by some of the main philosophers from Jewish and Arabic traditions: Saadya, Avicenna, Ibn Gabirol, Halevi, Maimonides and Crescas. Our answer, at the end, is negative.